Paper Issues - Mobile Ecommerce free essay sample

S30057544 Christopher Navarro Atarama S30057544 Christopher Navarro Atarama Mobile E-Commerce ITECH 3212 E-commerce 2 Assignment 1 Mobile E-Commerce ITECH 3212 E-commerce 2 Assignment 1 Table of Contents 1Abstract2 2Introduction2 3Definitions2 4Mobile E-commerce infrastructure3 5Privacy issues4 6Security issues4 7Mobile Client Device Technologies and Issues5 8Mobile devices applications issues6 9Bibliography7 * Abstract The following report is a document made with the intention of accomplishes the first assignment of E-Commerce 2 course of the University of Ballarat at IIBIT Sydney. The aim of this report is give a general overview about Mobile E-Commerce or M-Commerce and its different issues in the actuality. Introduction Day by day, new technologies come up bringing new ways of communication and interconnection, using the great network: Internet. This network, in addition, opens a wide door of electronic business opportunities known as E-Commerce (Roehl-Anderson, 2010). In the actuality, and with the development of new technologies in mobile devices area, make electronic commerce is more accessible, fast and mobile (Antovski Gusev, 2009). This new E-business model is known as Mobile E-commerce or M-Ecommerce. According with Antovski Gusev (2009), M-Commerce is defined as any transaction with monetary value that is conducted via a mobile telecommunications network. M-Commerce like Ecommerce can be B2B (business to business), P2P (person to person) or B2C (business to customer) oriented. The framework divides into couple sub areas based on user’s distribution criterion. Mobile Ecommerce addresses electronic commerce via mobile devices, where the consumer is not in physical or eye contact with the goods that are being purchased. Definitions Mobile Devices: Also referred to as handheld devices, are generally poket-sized devices with computing capabilities (including smartphones, PDAs, etc. ). These devices generally offer robust functionality without the restriction associated with heavier, tethered equipped (Harris, 2010). E-commerce: E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term,  e-business, are often used interchangeably. For online retail selling, the term  e-tailing  is sometimes used (Harris, 2010). Smartphone: A cellular telephone with built-in applications and Internet access. Smartphones provide digital voice service as well as text messaging, e-mail, Web browsing, still and video cameras, MP3 player, video viewing and often video calling. In addition to their built-in functions, smartphones can run myriad applications, turning the once single-minded cellphone into a mobile computer. Mobile E-commerce infrastructure The mobile e-commerce evolution is being fuelled by the same forces that enabled ecommerce by PC users (Buccafurri, 2010). According with Antovski Gusev (2009), there has been considerable investment in mobile e-commerce by banks, hardware providers, cellular operators, and content providers that is leading mobile consumers to eventually have the same satisfactory experience, in terms of content and variety, that they have come to appreciate from their PC Several banking projects are underway to fund the payment architecture needed to address the mobile consumer. MasterCard International announced in May, 2000 that it would launch a fund for start-ups and established companies dedicated to the development of new roducts and services involving smart cards, e-commerce and m-commerce that strategically supports MasterCard’s member institutions (Winter, 2010). Visa, likewise, announced it was teaming up with Cyberbills and Aether Systems to create an â€Å"anytime, anywhere bill payment service†. Credit Mutual, a French bank, is teaming up with MasterCard International and Europay Internationa l on an EMV-compliant mobile commerce pilot in France. Included in this global agreement are hardware providers France Telecom, Oberthur Card Systems, and Motorola. Other pilots are planned in Germany, Canada, Australia, Hong Kong, the UK and the US. Hardware companies are equally important stakeholders in the mobile commerce revolution (Buccafurri, 2010). Efforts are underway in developing standards and forming partnerships and consortiums between industry leaders to establish the platform for building the mobile commerce industry. Cellular handset manufacturers are leading this effort with developing next generation digital phones that will carry voice and data over new communications networks that will rival the wired market for transmission speeds and internet access. The big three; Ericsson, Nokia, and Motorola control over 50% of the handset market worldwide. They have formed an alliance called the Global M-commerce Standard. The objective of this alliance is to develop standards that will reduce the time to market for hardware, applications, and communications. Analysts predict that by 2003, there will be more cell phones that are capable of accessing the Internet than PCs. The ability of the cellular industry to quickly achieve worldwide standards like GSM, WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and WAN (Wireless Application Network) has contributed to position they find themselves in leading the mobile commerce revolution. The consortium has wisely included operators and financial institutions into the mix to make sure the services will keep up with the technology (Australian Interactive Media Industry Association, 2009). Privacy issues Privacy issues have always been a key reason for potential online consumers to avoid E-Commerce (Jun Xu, 2010). In the early days of E-commerce, a significant fraction of consumers thought that credit cards could be snatched off the Internet. Solid encryption technologies have reduced most of those fears, and for the most part, new consumers dont orry about losing credit cards while online (Cruz-Cunha, 2010). However, there remains some very real privacy issues associated with conducting transactions electronically, which may be exacerbated with the capacity to undertake mobile transactions. These include unauthorized access to stored data, especially personal information and transaction history. Security issues According to Francesco Buccafurri (2010), securing m-comme rce may be even more difficult than protecting wired transaction. Constrained bandwidth and computing power, memory limitations, battery life and various network configurations all come into play, raise the questions as to whether there will be adequate security for users without compromising the ease of use and speed. In the use of text messaging, a number of security issues have already been identified, and will extend to the use of m-commerce (Buccafurri, 2010). While a direct SMS message is relatively safe because it is encrypted for its transition from one mobile handset to the other, because of its store forward nature, messages are vulnerable to being corrupted. Like voice messages, SMS are stored on a server before being forwarded to the receiver. There is no mandatory encryption and access protection for storage. The only way to secure the entire transmission would be with end-to-end encryption. Messages exchanged between two service providers can also be violated in transit if the link between the two networks is not protected. If this information is payment details or authorities to make transactions, there is even more danger (Lee, 2009). The reliability of SMS messages is also in question. Unlike in Europe, where message delivery confirmation can be obtained by pressing a three-digit code, no confirmation is issued in Australia. The capacity to check and ensure that sent messages are received will be essential to build and maintain trust in the use of m-commerce. Mobile technologies manufacturers are developing improved security for applications with authentication and encryption technologies. However, there are two trade-offs for increased security, namely price and style (Cruz-Cunha, 2010). Mobile Client Device Technologies and Issues According to Antovski Gusev (2009), the interactivity devices or mobile client devices currently most important to mobile e-commerce are mobile telephones, handheld computers, laptop computers, and vehicle-mounted interfaces. Hybrid devices are now appearing, such as the crosses between mobile phones and handheld devices (sometimes called smartphones), but the question remains as to what form the devices will ultimately take, which is an important issue for mobile system developers. Usability will become more critical with handheld and phone devices, which differ from desktop and laptop computers in terms of their smaller screen sizes, less available memory, and limited input devices (Antovski Gusev, 2009). Many handheld devices are limited to a few lines of text, and do not have traditional keyboards. One usability issue is the need for organizations to determine how people can best use applications and access information through different devices. Mobile devices have forced developers to carefully revisit both operating systems and applications software on a variety of platforms (Jun Xu, 2010). Operating systems such as Microsoft’s Pocket PC and Palm’s PalmOS have been developed for handheld devices. Although this software meets some of the current needs, it has limited functionality. The creation of system software with increased functionality for devices with limited capabilities will be an ongoing challenge. Another important building block for this emerging infrastructure landscape may be the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), which enables wireless devices such as mobile phones to access the Internet (Kr. Sharma, Sharma, Raj, 2011). Many WAP-enabled devices have already appeared, although there is doubt as to whether WAP will become a globally accepted standard, especially with the popularity of Japan’s i-mode. Developers ultimately face the issue of deciding which set of protocols to accept, or risk the potential problems of working with multiple standards and/or choosing to ignore some. Mobile devices applications issues Many of mobile devices applications are currently constrained by technology limitations and issues described previously. According Juhnyoung Lee (2009), there are two fundamental application issues that researchers and developers must address are what tasks do users want to do without regard for temporal or spatial constraints and how to provide support for these tasks through wireless applications. Mobile e-commerce payment systems can also benefit from wireless technology (Skeldon, 2011). One scenario involves a consumer not having to stand in line to make a purchase, but simply paying for an item though a wireless device. Final payments might even be billed to a telephone company. Bluetooth technology may enable a list of available services to be generated automatically on a device when a user walks close to a Bluetooth-equipped cash register. Wireless technology is well suited for bringing e-commerce to automobiles and other forms of transportation (Lee, 2009). Traffic advisory systems can warn of impending traffic jams. Cars will eventually be able to report potential problems to service centres themselves. The service centre might even make minor adjustments to the car online. Car-mounted devices will eventually allow regular Internet access, although safety issues of â€Å"browsing while driving† must be addressed. While most initial mobile commerce applications seem to be aimed at the business-to-consumer market, business-to-business and intranet applications are also appearing (Lee, 2009). Service technicians can be dynamically assigned new tasks and sent problem information while they are traveling. Sales people can go literally anywhere in the field and access product information and customer accounts, although the applications right now are still subject to the constraints of current wireless devices. Organizations must address the issue of designing complex, robust applications that work well within these current (and any foreseeable) device limitations. Flexibility can be integrated into designs to enable future functionality. Conclusions Mobile electronic commerce enables the consumer to be able to conduct their business while on the move. In today’s fast-paced society, people are always looking to do everything on the go and do not want to be slowed down. Also, as technology changes throughout the years, people are now looking for their mobile devices to perform more tasks than ever before. It seems logical for people to want access to the Internet through their mobile devices and to want to take care of their business through these devices. Through the origin of mobile electronic commerce, people are now able to conduct their business over the Internet without having to sit in front of their computer all day. This saves consumers time because they no longer have to be logged onto their personal computer at home or work. This allows consumers to be mobile and on the go. But, mobile electronic commerce has also helped the companies as well. Bibliography Antovski, L. , Gusev, M. (2009). M-Commerce Services. Retrieved August 09, 2011, from http://delab. csd. auth. gr/bci1/Balkan/15Antovski. pdf Australian Interactive Media Industry Association. (2009). Australian Mobile Phone lifestyle index. Buccafurri, F. (2010). E-Commerce and Web Technologies: 11th International Conference, EC-Web 2010, Bilbao, Spain, September 1-3, 2010, Proceedings. Springer. Cook, A. , Goette, T. (2009). Mobile Electronic Commerce: What Is It? Who Uses It? And Why Use It? . Communications of the IIMA . Cruz-Cunha, M. M. (2010). E-Business Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for SMEs: Driving Competitiveness. Idea Group Inc (IGI). Encyclopedia. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 10, 2011, from PCMag. com: http://www. pcmag. com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=Smartphonei=51537,00. asp Harris, C. (2010, September). Ebook glossary. Retrieved August 10, 2011, from Library Journal: http://www. libraryjournal. com/lj/articlereview/886887-457/the_lj_ebook_glossary. html. csp Jun Xu, M. Q. (2010). E-business in the 21st century: realities, challenges and outlook. World Scientific. Kr. Sharma, R. , Sharma, R. , Raj, S. (2011). CONFRONTS AND ISSUES IN M-COMMERCE: A BUSINESS ON MOBILE AND NET APPROACH. International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management. Lee, J. (2009). Data engineering issues in e-commerce and services: second international workshop, DEECS 2009, San Francisco, CA, USA, June 26, 2006 : proceedings. San Fransisco: Springer. Roehl-Anderson, J. M. (2010). IT Best Practices for Financial Managers. John Wiley and Sons. Skeldon, P. (2011). M-Commerce. Crimson Publishing, Limited. Winter, R. (2010). Global Perspectives on Design Science Research: 5th International Conference, DESRIST 2010, St. Gallen, Switzerland, June 4-5, 2010. Proceedings. Springer.

Literature Review for Career Goal in Business World- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLiterature Review for Career Goal in Business World. Answer: Career Goal in Business World of Australia and Other Country There have been substantial changes in lives of young people in the recent decade. Presently, there has been a greater emphasis on higher education and desire amongst the young generation to achieve something more prestigious (Watt et al. , 2012). Therefore, the young generation is more committed to enroll in various professional business studies at an early age. The young generation presently believes in a gradual transition to work life where they can gain economic independence that gradually transits to family and household formation. This pattern is partly due rapid technological change and globalization. Moreover, with the transition of time students are also realizing that there is no concept of a lifetime job. However, a proper educational qualification can lead to a better path towards the fulfillment of work arrangements (Ismail Lu, 2014). In addition to a degree, there is also a need for overall development of the students in terms of communication, teamwork, problem solving and personal attributes of resilience and adaptability. Increasing number of students is therefore choosing Australia for the fulfillment of the career goals in the business world. Australia is a country considered as powerhouse of providing professional education that makes it a major attraction for students all over the world. Therefore, whenever students are planning to study business abroad, Australia should be their primary choice. The reasons are the prospects offered by the country in the fulfillment of the career goals of the students in the business world. Quality Education for Students The laws of Australia help in the protection of the international students and the promotion of quality education. Government bodies supervise most of the institutions in Australia, TEQSA meant for higher education and ASQA for regulating vocational education that makes the overall experience a rewarding one(Stephenson Yorke, 2013). Business schools in Australia compared to other countries have the best of facilities that create best environment for business learning. Enables Communication Skills and Language Improvement To ensure a successful business career, fluency in the global language is a necessity. Thus compared to other countries Australia enables students to master the skill, as English remains its national language that follows a particular vocabulary and accent. Therefore, there is immense improvement of the fluency skills of the students. Thus, studying in Australia will also help the students to dream and think in English as well (Richards Rodgers, 2014). To address the immense pool of students and their difficulties with the language, the business institutes in Australia also provides support facilities. Enhancement of Employment Opportunities There is greater recognition for the education system that prevails in Australia compared to the educational system in other countries. Australian graduates gets preference in terms of employment due to the quality of education. Focus on the Field of Choice Australia offers a wide range of business degrees and courses through its various universities and institutes. Therefore, this becomes easier for international students to choose a field of their choice. Compared to other countries here students also have the provision to choose the institution from which he/she wants to pursue the degree (Hardy, 2015). Enables Diversification of Thoughts The Australian universities enables students to not only get exposure to different language but also different cultures that in a way helps in the diversification of values as well as thought. Studying in the country also enables students to expertise their skills of interaction and their responses to specific practices related to culture (Goldburg, 2013). This will help in the students in future if their work specially demands networking with people from culturally diverse backgrounds. New Perspective to the Business World Compared to other countries Australia is one of the economies of the world that echoes stability. Therefore, studying here will evolve the students so that they can effectively respond to the changing market. The standard of business studies in the various institutes enables the student to get a completely new perspective of the world as opposed to the courses offered in their home country. The global, national and local issues offered in a different perspective for the students Ensures Memorable Journey The main cities of Australia are the most habitable compared to the rest of the world. One does not get the picture of actual Australia until and until he/she consider to study here. There are great opportunities for work besides the studies that the students can opt for in cases of financial difficulties. This will also enable the students to get practical life work experience. Boost up Self Confidence The fact that the Australian business institutes are the most recognized amongst the employers so a business degree from any one of the institutes will enable the students to stand out for preference that also boost up their self confidence(Carnegie, 2017). The institutes not only provide education in terms of degree but also moulds the students have an overall development in terms of better skills. Education System in Australia The education system of Australia begins at an early childhood with the pre schooling and followed by the primary, secondary and tertiary education. The primary and secondary education refers to the school education that is compulsory for students in the age group of six to sixteen. Practically the first 13 year dedicated to school education can have further categorized as per ages. The first seven to eight years refers to the primary school whereas the next three to four years are for the secondary school (Ball, 2013). The senior secondary is dedicated to the next two years. Then there is tertiary education that is a combination of higher education in universities, colleges and various other institutes and vocational training and education. Australia is a multicultural nation that offers learning opportunities that caters to a wide range of students across various cultures. The process of learning that the Australian education system undertakes in a classroom has taken many international students by surprise that have come to study here. The students of the Australian education system are also are given the provision to think critically about the ideas discussed and then revert if their ideas do not coincide. The students of the Australian university can remain can contact their lecturers and tutors on a full time basis. The student traffic for Australia is huge as students from varied cultures target Australia as their destination for higher education believing it to ensure better job prospects(9). Moreover, research, advanced infrastructure, policies and management have not only empowered students but also at the same time ensured improved standards of education. Reasons for the Student Drive to Australia and their Experience The universities in Australia aims at providing superior quality experience academically within a nurturing and stimulating ambience that will lead to outcomes that are not only be for the betterment of the students but also for the communities. The Australian universities thus believe that better supported students can deliver superior outcome (Framework, 2013). Thus the university and institutes of Australia are ensuring more investment for the enhancing the overall experience of the students in terms of safety. There are concessions for students in transport facilities. Moreover, the students facilitated with proper information that prevents them from alcohol and drug abuse. The fundamental aspect of the Australian education system is to ensure ensures that receive a positive and complete experience. Thus, the positive experience amongst the students ensured through a number of programs and services developed by the universities. The universities of Australia undertake various major projects in consultation with the students so that they take an initiative to deliver high quality experience (Polesel, Dulfer, Turnbull, 2012). The Australian university also undertakes the measures for identification of the particular needs of the students and thereby creates ways in order to connect with the students with the motive of addressing their needs. The Australian institutes does this for domestic and international students, students preferring distance or online education, relocating students from regional and rural areas, students studying at offshore campus and students who are from disadvantaged backgrounds. Increasing number of students are preferring the Australian education system as they consider it to offer a socially stimulating and intellectual environment that embeds in a research culture offering an enriching experience. The students look for effective and efficient services and learning spaces that are flexible which they get through the Australian education system. The factors that impacts the student experience in this education system includes opportunities for engagement, support service effectiveness and digital and physical infrastructure. Here the students come with an assurance that the degree at the university will provide them with effective career opportunities (Mourshed, Farrell, Barton, 2012).Through the Australian universities, students not only become globally competitive but also become culturally aware. The Australian education system is also only a constant strive for ensuring the safety and well-being of the students. Thus, the campuses of various institutes and universities have undertaken support services for the ensuring safety on and off the campus. Therefore, this step ensures the quality agenda of the Australian education system and puts it on a global platform. The different programs and services ensured for the safety and betterment of the student (Cress, Collier, Reitenauer, 2013). There was a ten-point action plan implement by the Australian Universities that assured that students are safe. Facilities and Technology in Australia The facilities and technology provided by the Australian education system is one of the reasons for the international students for making it a preferred destination for the undertaking business studies (Mullis et al., 2012). The infrastructure for computing includes the use of software, hardware and networking, internet services by the Australian education system in matters of teaching, learning and running administration. The universities and institutes under the Australian education system encourage the use of personal digital assistants, wireless internet access and use of mobile devices including laptops and notebooks. Thus, Australian universities use the latest connectivity tools needed for teaching the students. There are various activities of the business school that are supported through IT facilities that includes preaching in class room, availability of online tutorials, computer labs, white boards and online class facilities. The universities supports education mostly thr ough information technologies (IT), be it teaching and learning in classrooms or at home. Studies are mostly encouraged through the use internet and computer for supporting the use whiteboard interaction, ensuring content management systems and learning. Students provided with facilities like virtual learning environments also known as second life. Other factors also attract the international students towards Australian campuses (McLaughlin Faulkner, 2012). These factors include the ambience, the location, facilities for sports and the position of the institute in respect to the others. Most of the Australian universities have collaboration with renowned companies like the Google, Common Bank, Uber and some others for enabling internships of students that will help them to have a practical experience (Wilkins et al., 2012). Depending on the performance of the students, the employers recruit them permanently. The Australian education system also encourage universities and institutes to make the education experience of students far more enriching by providing modern facilities like lecture theatre with adjacent space for laboratory, laboratory for teaching, laboratories for research, incorporating audio visual equipment, modern library facilities, advanced lab and field equipment and availability of high speed WIFI and microwave internet service. Moreover, the Australian universities stresses on few facilities to be available in the teaching laboratory (Norton Cakitaki, 2013). This includes facilities for accommodating large number of students and the presence of computer and wifi access, white boats and the use of audiovisual equipment. There should also be facilities for video conferencing, overhead transparency, slide projector and poster board facilities available (Lim et al. , 2012). The Australian universities make sure that the facilities provided are one of its kinds so that they a re able to have an edge amongst other universities and get the maximum student pool internationally. The Australian education system also ensures record keeping and activities of the administration through use of information technologies. There are software for recording the databases of students regarding the attendance, family background, contact details and achievement outcomes. However, the universities also undertake simulations and knowledge building activities through the functionality of web 3.0 and web 2.0. The university also undertakes the provision of online content that enables the students to access learning materials and books online. With university online library services, students facilitated to borrow books (Rennie Morrison, 2013). There are different types of software application used by universities that encourage various learning activities. There is a use of both asynchronous and synchronous software for supporting online and face-to-face learning activities. The synchronous software ensures learning between educators and students at the same place and at the same time. Some of the examples of the synchronous software include the team building and group facilitation software known as Zing, the software for voting known as the clickers that also enables students to answer questions of multiple-choice questions anonymously either during lectures or feedback sessions. Similarly, there are also software that supports asynchronous learning that includes Elluminate and Centra. This kind of software supports any kind of learning irrespective of the location provides the computers have access to internet. Thus to support various asynchronous learning there are various learning management systems that includes Moodle, WebCT and Blackboard. However, the education system also makes use of newsletters, media releases and daily online bulletins for delivering information outside and within schools (Tomlinson et al. 2013). In order to communicate with the teachers, students and their parents the university and institutes of Australia makes use of short service message, emails and announcements through media. These facilities provided by the Australian education system provide a completive edge for it and the ultimate destination of higher education preferred by most students. References Ball, S. J. (Ed.). (2013). Foucault and education: Disciplines and knowledge. Routledge. Carnegie, D. (2017). How to develop self-confidence and influence people by public speaking. Simon and Schuster. Cress, C. M., Collier, P. J., Reitenauer, V. L. (2013). Learning through serving: A student guidebook for service-learning and civic engagement across academic disciplines and cultural communities. Stylus Publishing, LLC.. Framework, A. Q. (2013). Australian qualifications framework. Australian Qualifications Framework Council. Goldburg, P. (2013). Values and religion in education. The Routledge International Handbook of Education, Religion and Values, 124. Hardy, I. (2015). A logic of enumeration: The nature and effects of national literacy and numeracy testing in Australia. Journal of Education Policy, 30(3), 335-362. Ismail, M., Lu, H. S. (2014). Cultural values and career goals of the millennial generation: An integrated conceptual framework. Journal of International Management Studies, 9(1), 38-49. Lim, C. J., McLellan, S. C., Cheng, A. C., Culton, J. M., Parikh, S. N. (2012). Surveillance of infection burden in residential aged care facilities. The Medical Journal of Australia, 196(5), 327-331. McLaughlin, P., Faulkner, J. (2012). Flexible spaces what students expect from university facilities. Journal of Facilities Management, 10(2), 140-149. Mourshed, M., Farrell, D., Barton, D. (2012). Education to employment: Designing a system that works. McKinsey Center for Government, 18, 1-7. Mullis, I. V., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., Arora, A. (2012). TIMSS 2011 international results in mathematics. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement. Herengracht 487, Amsterdam, 1017 BT, The Netherlands. Norton, A., Cakitaki, B. (2013). Mapping Australian higher education 2016. Melbourne: Grattan Institute. Polesel, J., Dulfer, N., Turnbull, M. (2012). The experience of education: The impacts of high stakes testing on school students and their families. Literature Review prepared for the Whitlam Institute, Melbourne Graduate School of Education, and the Foundation for Young Australians. Available online at: https://www. whitlam. org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/276191/High_Stakes_Testing_Literature_Review. pdf (accessed 20 september 2012). Rennie, F., Morrison, T. (2013). E-learning and social networking handbook: Resources for higher education. Routledge. Richards, J. C., Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge university press. Stephenson, J., Yorke, M. (Eds.). (2013). Capability and quality in higher education. Routledge. Tomlinson, J., Shaw, T., Munro, A., Johnson, R., Madden, D. L., Phillips, R., McGregor, D. (2013). How does tele-learning compare with other forms of education delivery? A systematic review of tele-learning educational outcomes for health professionals. New South Wales public health bulletin, 24(2), 70-75. Watt, H. M., Shapka, J. D., Morris, Z. A., Durik, A. M., Keating, D. P., Eccles, J. S. (2012). Gendered motivational processes affecting high school mathematics participation, educational aspirations, and career plans: A comparison of samples from Australia, Canada, and the United States. Developmental psychology, 48(6), 1594. Wilkins, S., Stephens Balakrishnan, M., Huisman, J. (2012). Student satisfaction and student perceptions of quality at international branch campuses in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 34(5), 543-556.

Obesity Problem and Solutions free essay sample

Obesity is a disease that affects over one-third of the adult American population, approximately 72 million Americans (Hyattsville 2007: National Center for Health Statistics). Moreover, obesity in adulthood increases the hazard of diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, arthritis and a general poor health condition (Overweight and Obesity Health Consequences, cited in www. cdc. gov) so it is the time for human being to take actions to limit this issue. With the purpose of helping people understand about obesity problem and find the ways to limit it, this paper discusses where this issue results from, what it results in and how to solute it. 2. Discussion of findings 2. 1. Some causes of obesity â€Å"Obesity is a manufactorial disease† said George A. Bray, MD (1998, p. 35). The type of food eaten may also play an important role in the rise of obesity. According to the Causes of Obesity (Anne Collin 2007), more metabolic and digestive disorders resulting from overconsumption of trans-fat and refined sugary foods such as ready-to-eat, low cost, quick meals, combined with low fiber intake. We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity Problem and Solutions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These eating habits are known to cause excessive fat storage. Taking in too many calories for our energy needs must be a major cause of the modern obesity epidemic. Dr. Marion Nestle, Professor and Chair of the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at New York University provides that US agribusiness now produces 3,800 calories of food a day for every consumption of calories more than 30 years ago-but at much lower per-calorie costs (cited in annecollins. com). Evidently, the growth of fast-food chains and higher soft drink consumption lead to the increases in absorption of calorie-dense foods and a higher energy-intake. Besides bad-eating habits, reducing energy expenditure is also one of the root causes of obesity in modern life. People now do less exercise than before. The data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on the website apps. nccd. cdc. gov shows that the number of people who have No Leisure-Time Physical Activity increases gradually in the first decade of 21st century. In fact, a lack of energy balance most often causes overweight and obesity because of taking in more calories than using. People are becoming more inactive and lazier. As noted in What Causes Overweight and Obesity? (2010) on the website nhlbi. ih. gov, many Americans are not very physically active. One reason for this is that they spend hours in front of TVs and computers doing work and relaxing. Other reasons for being passive include: using cars instead of walking, fewer physical requirements at work or at home and lack of physical exercise classes in school for children. People who are passive are more likel y to gain weight so an inactive lifestyle also raises your risk of obesity and other health problem. Gene is also shown as a factor resulting in obesity. Regardless of the environment, some people stay thin and some still become obese. The Causes of Obesity on the website annecollins. com shows that genes affect a number of weight-related processes in the body, such as metabolic rate, blood glucose metabolism, fat-storage, hormones. It also gives the evidence that adopted children tend to develop weight problems similar to their biological, rather than adoptive, parents. In addition, infants born to overweight mothers have been found to less active and to gain more weight by the age of three months when compared with infants of normal weight mothers. According to The causes of obesity-genes, behaviour and environment (2009) on the website infor. ancerresearchuk. org, obesity-related genes could affect how people metabolise food or store fat. They could also affect the behaviour, make people disposed badly towards lifestyle choices that increase our risk of being obese. People having obesity-related genes are not assigned to be obese but they will have a higher risk of obesity. Therefore, genes play a key role in ob esity’s ability. 2. 2 Some effects of obesity Obesity has a far-ranging negative effect on health. Based on the data from Health Effects of Obesity (2012) on the website stanfordhospital. rg, each year obesity-related conditions cover 150 billion dollars and cause an estimated 300,00 premature deaths in the US. This website gives the number of health effects associated with obesity including high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, joint problems, sleep apnea and respiratory problems, cancer, metabolic syndrome. Extra weight can raise the heart rate and reduce the body’s ability to transport blood through the vessels. This causes higher pressure on the artery walls and the increasing in blood pressure. Besides, obesity is the major causes of type 2 diabetes. Obesity can cause opposition to insulin, causing the blood sugar becomes boosted. The website also assures that atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) is present 10 times more often in obese people compared to those who are not obese. Obesity has not only physical effects but also mental effects. As stated in House of Commons Committee 2004 (2008), very overweight and obese people have reduced psychological health so their self-esteem and social intercommunication may be deteriorated. Obese people have to suffer from preconception and discrimination in many situations such as the fields of employment travel, schooling, healthcare. Society may have a negative opinion of overweight and obese people. Therefore, they can be apprehended in a negative way that makes them be anxious and depressed. As well as prejudicial effect on the individual, obesity contributes a financial burden on society as a whole. The House of Commons Committee 2004 (2008) on the website dwp. gov. uk also indicates that there is a huge cost to the economy from obesity-related ill-health, premature retirement, unemployment, premature death, benefit payments. The direct and indirect costs of obesity in England (2002) have been conservatively estimated at ? 3. 3 to ? 3. 7 billion. . 3. Solutions for obesity problem There are few solutions to obesity available but the more effective treatment is to eat a healthy and well-balanced diet. Like mentioned before, obesity is not a stand-alone problem. It is coupled with few of most severe diseases such as diabetes and cancer. The Obesity Solution (2009) on the website fastandquickweightloss. com state s that people should not follow and fad diets which deprive the body of some essential nutrients. By following such diets people can lose weight, but they cannot maintain it. Therefore, the most important aspect is to eat a healthy and balanced diet. Low calorie diets (LCD) to help create a deficit of 500 to 1,000 kcal/day should be an integral part of any program aimed at achieving a weight loss of 1 to 2 pounds per week but reducing dietary fat alone without reducing calories is not sufficient for weight loss ( Anne Collin 2007 ). Obesity Solution on the website weightlosswand. com suggests that obesity solutions do not come in the form of quick weight loss diets and these diet types should be avoided. Quick fix diets such as the Atkins diet which consists of no carbohydrates and high protein foods is extremely dangerous. Coupling a healthy diet with regular exercise is the best thing obese people can do for themselves. Regular workout is as important as good eating habits because exercise and physical activity have several benefits for overweight individuals (Marcel Dekker 1997, cited in George MD 1998, p. 228). Physical activity and exercise can maintain weight loss. Individuals who are more physically active are more likely maintain weight loss (George MD 1998, p. 230). Obese people must start slowly and then gradually increase the intensity of their workout. George MD (1998, p. 38) pointed out that physical activity should be increased to 20 to 30s minutes, 5 to 7 days a week to increase expenditure by 700 to 1,000 calories a week, or slightly more than 100 to 130 calories a day. There are some kinds of physical activity that help obese people fight overweight such as yoga, aerobic, walking and dancing. Besides the following treatments, drug treatment for obesity is also one of the solutions. Ther e are drugs that can reduce food consumption such as phentermine, diethylpropion, mazindol and sibutramine (George MD 1998, p. 254-256). Although drug safety and efficacy beyond 1 year of total treatment have not been conclusively established, weight loss drug therapy may be used in colligation with customary diet and exercise (Anne Collin 2007). However, when it comes to solutions for obesity, there are several tried and tested methods but none works better than a varied healthy lifestyle which consists of daily exercise and a balanced diet. 3. Conclusion Based on the findings above, it is clear that obesity is still a complicated problem. People are becoming more inactive and dependent much on modern equipment which increases the risk of being obese.

Interesting Facts About Asian History Essay Sample

Interesting Facts About Asian History Essay SampleMany colleges and universities look for an Asian history essay sample in order to understand the concepts of Asian history. Asian countries have been a part of world history since the time of the ancient civilizations. Asian history consists of different civilizations in different countries that were populated by different races.A lot of people think that Asian countries are too small. This is not true, Asia is huge. In fact, there are more than 100 countries that belong to this continent. If one takes the total number of countries, it would be nearly one hundred and twenty.The history of Asian civilization can be divided into four major periods: Early Dynastic, Middle, Modern and Post-Modern. Since Asian civilization has been growing and evolving for many centuries, there are a lot of countries in the history of Asia. Even after hundreds of years, there are still a lot of things that the Asian civilization can tell us. Some of these common traits are as follows:Different races have been living together and socializing with each other over the years. Most people think that Asian countries do not really have any race or ethnic group but actually it is not true.Some Asian countries like China, Korea, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, etc. are mostly populated by Asians, while others are occupied by other races like Japanese, Filipinos, Koreans, etc. The history of Asia is different from continent to continent, so even though the characteristics of Asian countries are common, the culture, lifestyle, and other factors vary between the countries.In Asia, the inhabitants of the land called Asia and the rest of the world that are located west of Asia are referred to as the Orientals while the other races of the world are referred to as theOccidentals. The Orientals have the same culture, lifestyle, language, food, and religious beliefs as the inhabitants of the other co ntinents. They are found in the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, Middle East, etc.In most Asian countries, it is not easy to speak and write English. Only the richest or the educated people can easily learn and speak English in the society. In some countries, you can only learn English if you already live in that country for a long time. They only study and learn English in the schools.Asian history also includes many sites that were located in the different regions of Asia. These sites include Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, New Guinea, Timor-Leste, and the Australian outback. Since Asian countries are now a part of the world, people know about these sites all over the world.

Conflict in the Outsider essays

Conflict in the Outsider essays Conflict in the Outsider A Man in Revolt The major source of conflict in the text, The Outsider written by Albert Camus, is ultimately Meursaults rebellion against the expectations of society. This conflict, caused be rebellion, controls the plot line of the text from the time of Meursaults mothers death and eventually leads him to his own death. Like Camus himself, Meursault was in love with the sun and the sea. His life was devoted to appreciating physical sensations. He is devoid of any emotion, so much so as to appear traumatised or child-like. Meursault can be portrayed as Camus metaphysical rebel, a man who says by his actions, I will go this far, but no further. In order to understand Meursaults rebellion one must first understand the nature of his personality as portrayed by Camus. The novel begins with the laconic assertion Mother died today. Or, maybe, yesterday; I cant be sure. Meursaults lack of emotion of his mothers death eventually leads to his own. The conflict here is Meursaults refusal to fake sentimentality since he does not feel anything. His mothers death briefly interrupts the pleasant flow of Meursaults life; a life devoted to appreciating sensation. He loves the feel of a crisp towel in the washroom. He enjoys eating, drinking and smoking cigarettes. He loves to watch the sea and the sky. Swimming and making love to beautiful women like Marie are his favourite pastimes, so much so that an offer of a job promotion in Paris does not in the least appeal to him. He loves the feel of a crisp towel in the washroom. He enjoys eating, drinking, and smoking cigarettes. When something bores him or distresses him he simply goes to sl eep, as he does on the bus to his mother's funeral and even in jail. He is a detached observer of life. Symbolic of this quality is the Sunday he spends watching the ebb and flow of life in hi...

Yunnans Lucky Airs Balanced Scorecard Case Study

Yunnans Lucky Airs Balanced Scorecard - Case Study Example Furthermore technology is also changing the manner in which businesses operate. For example, technological developments have led to the development of e-commerce which enables companies to sell products through online channels using internet communication. Organisations must also respond to the needs of multiple stakeholders such as environmental protection agencies that require companies to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions. While shareholder value maximisation remains the main objective of every company, companies must first satisfy the needs of other stakeholders to be able to properly maximise shareholder value.To determine whether it is performing well, that is meeting the needs of its different stakeholders, a company must use a set of performance measures to gauge its performance against pre-determined targets and against the performance of its competitors.Until recently, the main focus of many companies had been on the use of financial performance measures. These measures fo cused only on the financial performance of the company. While financial performance measures remain an integral part of performance measurement, they are not the only measures of organisational success. Recent developments suggest that non-financial performance measures also have an important role to play in determining organisational success or failure. One of the most commonly used performance measurement tools that incorporate both financial and non-financial performance measures is the balanced scorecard. There are a number of reasons why an organisation should adopt a balanced scorecard. These are detailed in the letter to the Chief Executive Officer of Lucky Air Below. From: The Chief Financial Offer To: The Chief Executive Officer of Lucky Air Re: Adoption of the Balanced Scorecard by Yunnan Lucky Air Dear Sir, I am writing to express concerns to the current performance measures employed by Lucky Air. I believe that these measures are not in line with today's globalised, technologically driven, and customer focused business environment. Lucky Air continues to measure performance from the shareholder performance whereas there a are a host of interested groups of stakeholders that require information on how their needs are being met by Lucky Air. Given these issues, I will like Lucky Air to implement the balanced scorecard. The balanced scorecard is a performance report that is based on a broad set of financial and non-financial performance measures. The balanced scorecard is made up of four main perspectives (Kaplan and Northon, 1996, 2000; Malina and Selto, 2001; Blocher et al., 2005). These include Financial, Customer, internal business processes, and the learning and growth perspectives (Malina and Selto, 2001). I believe that adopting the balanced scorecard will enable Lucky Air to impro ve the manner in which it performs its services to multiple stakeholders as this will enable Lucky Air to set realisable targets and work towards achieving those targets. For example, the internal business perspectives will enable Lucky Air to improve on quality of service, productivity and safety (Libby et al., 2002). From the foregoing, I believe that adopting the Balanced scorecard will tremendously improve the way Lucky Air is measuring performance and thus determine how Lucky Air is performing compared to the industry as a whole. Best Regards, Chief Financial Officer. 2. Gap Analysis of Lucky Air Within four years of its incorporation, Yunnan Lucky Air's revenues had grown to a US$104.3 million which corroborates that it has

Persuasive Paper Part 3 Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Persuasive Part 3 - Research Paper Example In the United States, as per the Federal legal provisions, every state is required to maintain a sex offender registry. The purpose of this law was to extend the identity, names and addresses of the proclaimed sex offenders to the public so as to empower the common people and enable them to protect themselves and their children from possible sex offenses. However, in a practical sense, the sex offender registry happens to be quiet exhaustive and bulky and it is not possible for the people to commit to memory the names and addresses of all the sex offenders. Thereby extending to the people an exhaustive list of sex offenders replete with the name of people who got involved in varying gravity of sex offenses is not likely to protect the masses against sex offenses (Paludi, 2008, p. 178). Yet, on the other side, having one’s name in the sex offender registry could much harm the life of an individual. ... Hence, it will be totally unreasonable and farfetched to enter the names of such people in the sex offenders list. On the one side such an approach will do no practical good to the people, and on the other side such an approach will only make it difficult for the redeemable sex offenders to enter the social mainstream (Yessine & Bonta, 2006). People are bound to be unsympathetic towards the individuals whose name is in the sex offender registry. Hence, the contemporary sex offender registration laws need to be changed so that only those sex offenders who are liable to indulge in sexual offenses in the future get listed in the registry and the individuals who got listed by indulging in some momentary public indecency could get a chance to lead a normal life (Sullum, 2003). The existing sex offender registration laws happen to be counterproductive in their scope and intention because they are punitive in their spirit (Hodgson & Kelley, 2002, p. 225). The very objective of saving the ci tizens from sexual offenses gets overlapped by the act of labeling people who indulged in varying degrees of sexual offenses in a generalized category of sex offenders. It will be reasonable to conclude that not all sex offenders are beyond rehabilitation. There is a category of sex offenders which is open to social rehabilitation. Thereby, making an individual open to stigmatization by placing one’s name in the sex offender registry and pushing one into isolation is certainly not the right way to rehabilitate a sex offender (Wilson & Petersilia, 2011). In fact it increases the likelihood of a registered sex offender further engaging in sexual offenses. Simply speaking, compiling a long list of sex